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INDUSTRY DYNAMICS:
RETHINKING THE EFFECTS OF
VELOCITY ON PRODUCT
INNOVATION
Ian P. McCarthy
Beedie School of Business
Ian_mccarthy@sfu.ca
Based on the following research:
McCarthy I. P., Lawrence T. B., Wixted B., & Gordon B. R. 2010. A
multidimensional conceptualization of environmental velocity.
Academy of Management Review, 35(4): 604-626
Access the full paper here.
INTRODUCTION
Speed Demons
How smart companies are creating new
products -- and whole new businesses --
almost overnight
INTRODUCTION
“speed kills innovation”
and "slow is the new fast“
Holman W. Jenkins JR 26th Jan 2011, WSJ
"Apple Goes Slow to Win Fast“
Paul Nunes & Tim Breene 2nd March 2011, HBR
INDUSTRY DYNAMICS: VELOCITY
• Speed is central to industry change (dynamism) and performance.
• High velocity industries (environments):
– “those in which there is a rapid and discontinuous change in
demand, competitors, technology and/or regulation” (Bourgeois
and Eisenhardt 1988: 816)
– “market boundaries are blurred, successful business models are
unclear, and market players (i.e. buyers, suppliers, competitors,
complementers) are ambiguous and shifting”. (Eisenhardt and
Martin 2000: 1111)
• Velocity is the rate (speed) and direction of change
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF HIGH VELOCITY
• You need to be fast.
• This is achieved by:
– rational and formal strategic decision-making (Bourgeois &
Eisenhardt 1988, Eisenhardt 1989, Judge & Miller 1991)
– rapid product development (Eisenhardt & Tabrizi, 1995)
– simple rules (Eisenhardt & Sull, 2001)
– heuristic reasoning (Oliver & Roos, 2005)
– team based decision-making (Nadkarni & Barr 2008)
HOWEVER, STUDIES SUGGEST THAT BIOTECH IS
A HIGH VELOCITY INDUSTRY
6
Is this really the
case?
EnvironmentalVelocityLowHigh
INDUSTRIES DESCRIBED USING VELOCITY
Computer
industry
Bourgeois & Eisenhardt
(1988)
Stepanovic &
Uhrig (1999)
Healthcare
Finance, utilities
& healthcare
Baum & Wally
(2003)
Judge & Miller
(1991)
Biotechnology
Healthcare
Textiles
“it is obvious that the industry is a
high-velocity environment”
By Nadkarni & Narayanan 2007
SOME OBSERVATIONS
• It seems that most industries have high-velocity environments
• Few industry specific definitions and substantiations
• An assumption that high technology = high-velocity
• An assumption that velocity = speed
• Simple, aggregated, erroneous and inconsistent conceptualizations.
• We argue that the above occurs because studies have:
– treated velocity as single, latent descriptor i.e., a unidimensional
concept
– Ignored that velocity is a vector i.e., it has a rate and a direction
of change
ENVIRONMENTAL VELOCITY:
A MULTIDIMENSIONAL VECTOR
• Consider what is changing?
• Their rate of change (speed at which they move).
• Their direction of change?
OUR FRAMEWORK
• We conceptualize velocity in terms of:
– Multiple dimensions (demand, competitors,
technology, regulatory, and products)
– Each dimension has a rate and direction of
change
– The degree to which different dimensions might
have different velocities (homology)
– The degree to which the velocities of different
dimensions might affect one another over time
(coupling)
PRODUCT VELOCITY
12
2005
2010
Continuous and 6 new models
Discontinuous
PRODUCT VELOCITY
13
2000 Xbox 2005 Xbox 360
Continuous and 1 new model
2006 Wii
Discontinuous
VELOCITY DIMENSIONS AND HOMOLOGY
14
Direction of
Change
Discontinuous
Continuous
Rate of ChangeLow High
D = demand
P = products
C =competitive
T = technological
R = regulatory
P
R
T
D
C
High homology
T
P
D
C
R
Low homology
P
R
T
D
C
High homology
VELOCITY COUPLING
15
Direction of
Change
Discontinuous
Continuous
Rate of ChangeLow High
D = demand
P = products
C =competitive
T = technological
R = regulatory
T
D
C
R
P
= tight coupling
= loose coupling
Coupling
Homology
Tight
Loose
HighLow
Rate of change
Direction
of change
Integrated Regime
C
P
T
R D
Rate of change
Direction
of change
Conflicted Regime
C
P
T
R D
C
P
T
R D
Divergent Regime
Direction
of change
Rate of change
Simple Regime
C
P
T
R D
Rate of change
Direction
of change
VELOCITY REGIMES
IMPLICATIONS OF VELOCITY HOMOLOGY
• Affects how we think about the relationship between an
organization and the temporal characteristics of its environment.
• Keeping in time with the environment (external entrainment) is still
important, but ….
• synchronizing organizational activities (internal entrainment)
to be uniformly fast/slow might not be.
• Effective management is more about rhythm and
synchronization, rather than being simply fast or slow.
17
FUNDAMENTAL IMPLICATION OF VELOCITY
COUPLING
• Affects how we think about the stability of velocity conditions and the
impacts on how organizations coordinate changes in the pace and
direction of their internal activities
• Scanning, coordination mechanisms, and boundary spanning
• Modularity of products, processes and organizations
• Temporal orientations: monochronic versus polychronic
• Management frameworks: linear vs. recursive
18
TEMPORAL ORIENTATIONS
• “A temporal orientation is a cognitive concept that describes how
individuals and teams conceive of time”
TEMPORAL ORIENTATIONS
MONOCHRONIC TEAMS POLYCHRONIC TEAMS
Focus on one job at a time Focus on many jobs at once
View time as linear and fixed View time as tangible and malleable
Strictly adhere to plans and hate
missing deadlines
Frequently change plans and don’t worry
about deadlines
Guided by “clock time” Guided by “event time”
Time is money Time is information
Simple and divergent velocity regimes Conflicted and integrated velocity
regimes
(Ancona, Okhuysen & Perlow, 2001; Bluedorn & Denhardt, 1988; Hall, 1959).
SYNCHRONY
• Research on environmental
velocity highlights "the
importance of organizations
operating “in time” with their
environments and in synchrony
across their subunits and
activities“ (McCarthy et al. 2010:
618)
THE CASE FOR POLYCHRONICITY
• “The polychronic teams proved to be
superior information brokers, absorbing
and disseminating more-insightful
information than their average and
monochronic counterparts” (Soutiaris
and Maestro. 2012)
• “Under some circumstances, top
management teams perform better
when they accept—even relish—
interruptions.” (Soutiaris and Maestro.
2012)
SO, IN SUM
• Most industries do not have classic high
velocity conditions
• Thus, being fast has it benefits, but it is rare
that all business functions need to be
uniformly fast
• Industry dynamics are complex
– Multiple velocity dimensions, each with a
rate and direction of change
– Homology and coupling – velocity regimes
• Performance is linked to appropriate rhythms,
synchronization, and temporal orientations
Industry Dynamics: Rethinking the Effects of Velocity on Product Innovation

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Industry Dynamics: Rethinking the Effects of Velocity on Product Innovation

  • 1. INDUSTRY DYNAMICS: RETHINKING THE EFFECTS OF VELOCITY ON PRODUCT INNOVATION Ian P. McCarthy Beedie School of Business Ian_mccarthy@sfu.ca Based on the following research: McCarthy I. P., Lawrence T. B., Wixted B., & Gordon B. R. 2010. A multidimensional conceptualization of environmental velocity. Academy of Management Review, 35(4): 604-626 Access the full paper here.
  • 2. INTRODUCTION Speed Demons How smart companies are creating new products -- and whole new businesses -- almost overnight
  • 3. INTRODUCTION “speed kills innovation” and "slow is the new fast“ Holman W. Jenkins JR 26th Jan 2011, WSJ "Apple Goes Slow to Win Fast“ Paul Nunes & Tim Breene 2nd March 2011, HBR
  • 4. INDUSTRY DYNAMICS: VELOCITY • Speed is central to industry change (dynamism) and performance. • High velocity industries (environments): – “those in which there is a rapid and discontinuous change in demand, competitors, technology and/or regulation” (Bourgeois and Eisenhardt 1988: 816) – “market boundaries are blurred, successful business models are unclear, and market players (i.e. buyers, suppliers, competitors, complementers) are ambiguous and shifting”. (Eisenhardt and Martin 2000: 1111) • Velocity is the rate (speed) and direction of change
  • 5. SOME IMPLICATIONS OF HIGH VELOCITY • You need to be fast. • This is achieved by: – rational and formal strategic decision-making (Bourgeois & Eisenhardt 1988, Eisenhardt 1989, Judge & Miller 1991) – rapid product development (Eisenhardt & Tabrizi, 1995) – simple rules (Eisenhardt & Sull, 2001) – heuristic reasoning (Oliver & Roos, 2005) – team based decision-making (Nadkarni & Barr 2008)
  • 6. HOWEVER, STUDIES SUGGEST THAT BIOTECH IS A HIGH VELOCITY INDUSTRY 6 Is this really the case?
  • 7. EnvironmentalVelocityLowHigh INDUSTRIES DESCRIBED USING VELOCITY Computer industry Bourgeois & Eisenhardt (1988) Stepanovic & Uhrig (1999) Healthcare Finance, utilities & healthcare Baum & Wally (2003) Judge & Miller (1991) Biotechnology Healthcare Textiles “it is obvious that the industry is a high-velocity environment”
  • 8. By Nadkarni & Narayanan 2007
  • 9. SOME OBSERVATIONS • It seems that most industries have high-velocity environments • Few industry specific definitions and substantiations • An assumption that high technology = high-velocity • An assumption that velocity = speed • Simple, aggregated, erroneous and inconsistent conceptualizations. • We argue that the above occurs because studies have: – treated velocity as single, latent descriptor i.e., a unidimensional concept – Ignored that velocity is a vector i.e., it has a rate and a direction of change
  • 10. ENVIRONMENTAL VELOCITY: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL VECTOR • Consider what is changing? • Their rate of change (speed at which they move). • Their direction of change?
  • 11. OUR FRAMEWORK • We conceptualize velocity in terms of: – Multiple dimensions (demand, competitors, technology, regulatory, and products) – Each dimension has a rate and direction of change – The degree to which different dimensions might have different velocities (homology) – The degree to which the velocities of different dimensions might affect one another over time (coupling)
  • 12. PRODUCT VELOCITY 12 2005 2010 Continuous and 6 new models Discontinuous
  • 13. PRODUCT VELOCITY 13 2000 Xbox 2005 Xbox 360 Continuous and 1 new model 2006 Wii Discontinuous
  • 14. VELOCITY DIMENSIONS AND HOMOLOGY 14 Direction of Change Discontinuous Continuous Rate of ChangeLow High D = demand P = products C =competitive T = technological R = regulatory P R T D C High homology T P D C R Low homology P R T D C High homology
  • 15. VELOCITY COUPLING 15 Direction of Change Discontinuous Continuous Rate of ChangeLow High D = demand P = products C =competitive T = technological R = regulatory T D C R P = tight coupling = loose coupling
  • 16. Coupling Homology Tight Loose HighLow Rate of change Direction of change Integrated Regime C P T R D Rate of change Direction of change Conflicted Regime C P T R D C P T R D Divergent Regime Direction of change Rate of change Simple Regime C P T R D Rate of change Direction of change VELOCITY REGIMES
  • 17. IMPLICATIONS OF VELOCITY HOMOLOGY • Affects how we think about the relationship between an organization and the temporal characteristics of its environment. • Keeping in time with the environment (external entrainment) is still important, but …. • synchronizing organizational activities (internal entrainment) to be uniformly fast/slow might not be. • Effective management is more about rhythm and synchronization, rather than being simply fast or slow. 17
  • 18. FUNDAMENTAL IMPLICATION OF VELOCITY COUPLING • Affects how we think about the stability of velocity conditions and the impacts on how organizations coordinate changes in the pace and direction of their internal activities • Scanning, coordination mechanisms, and boundary spanning • Modularity of products, processes and organizations • Temporal orientations: monochronic versus polychronic • Management frameworks: linear vs. recursive 18
  • 19. TEMPORAL ORIENTATIONS • “A temporal orientation is a cognitive concept that describes how individuals and teams conceive of time”
  • 20. TEMPORAL ORIENTATIONS MONOCHRONIC TEAMS POLYCHRONIC TEAMS Focus on one job at a time Focus on many jobs at once View time as linear and fixed View time as tangible and malleable Strictly adhere to plans and hate missing deadlines Frequently change plans and don’t worry about deadlines Guided by “clock time” Guided by “event time” Time is money Time is information Simple and divergent velocity regimes Conflicted and integrated velocity regimes (Ancona, Okhuysen & Perlow, 2001; Bluedorn & Denhardt, 1988; Hall, 1959).
  • 21. SYNCHRONY • Research on environmental velocity highlights "the importance of organizations operating “in time” with their environments and in synchrony across their subunits and activities“ (McCarthy et al. 2010: 618)
  • 22. THE CASE FOR POLYCHRONICITY • “The polychronic teams proved to be superior information brokers, absorbing and disseminating more-insightful information than their average and monochronic counterparts” (Soutiaris and Maestro. 2012) • “Under some circumstances, top management teams perform better when they accept—even relish— interruptions.” (Soutiaris and Maestro. 2012)
  • 23. SO, IN SUM • Most industries do not have classic high velocity conditions • Thus, being fast has it benefits, but it is rare that all business functions need to be uniformly fast • Industry dynamics are complex – Multiple velocity dimensions, each with a rate and direction of change – Homology and coupling – velocity regimes • Performance is linked to appropriate rhythms, synchronization, and temporal orientations

Editor's Notes

  1. Business week - MARCH 27, 2006Fast Company a magazine dedicated to reporting about activities of "fast companies“Thus, the advice seems to be focused on how companies can speed things up. Cut that process step! Shorten that product development cycle! There's tremendous pressure to get products out fast, in start-ups and large corporations alike
  2. Nunes and Breene“is Steve Jobs the consummate foot-dragger?”Patience Really Is a Virtue
  3. The way people view time differs from culture to culture, as observed and described by researcher Edward Hall. Monochronic time cultures emphasize schedules, a precise reckoning of time, and promptness. Time is viewed as a discrete commodity. People with this cultural orientation tend to do one thing after another, finishing each activity before starting the next. On the other hand, in polychronic cultures, people tend to handle multiple things concurrently (or intermittently during a time period) and to emphasize the number of completed transactions and the number of people involved, rather than the adherence to time schedule. Being on time is less important in polychronic cultures than in monochronic cultures. The way people view time differs from culture to culture, as observed and described by researcher Edward Hall. Monochronic time cultures emphasize schedules, a precise reckoning of time, and promptness. Time is viewed as a discrete commodity. People with this cultural orientation tend to do one thing after another, finishing each activity before starting the next. On the other hand, in polychronic cultures, people tend to handle multiple things concurrently (or intermittently during a time period) and to emphasize the number of completed transactions and the number of people involved, rather than the adherence to time schedule. Being on time is less important in polychronic cultures than in monochronic cultures. Monochronic people (Hall terms as M- people) tend to view activities and time in discreet segment or compartments, which are to be dealt with one at a time. It is not logical to have two activities going on at the same time. M-people can become frustrated with Polychronic people (P-people) who view time as something fluid, and who easily alter schedules to shifting priorities. In P time cultures, meetings may start late, run overtime, and allow outside issues to interrupt team meetings. In addition, multiple activities may be scheduled at the same time, and adherence to deadlines may depend on the strength of the relationship. (International Business; A basic Guide for Women, Wilen, 2001)Monochronic people (Hall terms as M- people) tend to view activities and time in discreet segment or compartments, which are to be dealt with one at a time. It is not logical to have two activities going on at the same time. M-people can become frustrated with Polychronic people (P-people) who view time as something fluid, and who easily alter schedules to shifting priorities. In P time cultures, meetings may start late, run overtime, and allow outside issues to interrupt team meetings. In addition, multiple activities may be scheduled at the same time, and adherence to deadlines may depend on the strength of the relationship. (International Business; A basic Guide for Women, Wilen, 2001)